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See generally E. FISCH, D. REED, & E. SCHACHTER, CHARITIES AND CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS ch. 25 (1974 and Suppl. 1990) [hereinafter cited as CHARITIES AND CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS]; Note, The Quality of Mercy: “Charitable Torts” and Their Continuing Immunity, 100 HARV. L. REV. 1382 (1987); Annot., Tort Liability of Nongovernmental Charities—Modern Status, 25 A.L.R.4th 517 (1983). One authority lists 21 states in which the concept of charitable immunity (for non--hospital charities) has been totally eliminated: Arizona, Roman Catholic Church v. Keenan, 243 P.2d 455 (Ariz. 1952); California, Malloy v. Fong, 232 P.2d 241 (1951); Idaho, Bell v. Presbytery of Boise, 421 P.2d 745 (Ida. 1966); Illinois, Gubbe v. Catholic Diocese of Rockford, 257 N.E.2d 239 (Ill. App. 1970); Indiana, Sidle v. Majors, 341 N.E.2d 763 (Ind. 1976); Iowa, Sullivan v. First Presbyterian Church, 152 N.W.2d 628 (Iowa 1967); Kansas, McAtee v. St. Paul's Mission, 376 P.2d 823 (Kan. 1962); Kentucky, Sheppard v. Immanuel Baptist Church, 353 S.W.2d 212 (Ky. App. 1961); Louisiana, Heirs of Fruge v. Blood Services, 506 F.2d 841 (5th Cir. 1975) (applying Louisiana law); Minnesota, Geiger v. Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church, 219 N.W. 463 (1928); Missouri, Garnier v. St. Andrew Presbyterian Church, 446 S.W.2d 607 (Mo. 1967); New York, Rakaric v. Croatian Cultural Club, 430 N.Y.S.2d 829 (1980); Ohio, Albritton v. Neighborhood Centers Association, 466 N.E.2d 867 (Ohio 1984); Oklahoma, Gable v. Salvation Army, 100 P.2d 244 (Okla. 1940); Pennsylvania, Nolan v. Tifereth Israel Synagogue, Inc., 227 A.2d 675 (Pa. 1967); Rhode Island, Brown v. Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, 252 A.2d 176 (R.I. 1969); South Carolina, Fitzer v. Greater Greenville South Carolina YMCA, 282 S.E.2d 230 (S.C. 1981); Texas, Howle v. Camp Amon Carter, 470 S.W.2d 629 (Tex. 1971); Vermont, Foster v. Roman Catholic Diocese, 70 A.2d 230 (Vt. 1950); Washington, Friend v. Cove Methodist Church, Inc., 396 P.2d 546 (Wash. 1964); Wisconsin, Widell v. Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 121 N.W.2d 249 (Wis. 1963). See generally Annot., Tort Liability of Nongovernmental Charities—Modern Status, 25 A.L.R.4th 517 (1983).